如果你有在開發 Java 程式語言的話，應該常常會遇到什麼狀況應該使用 abstract class ，什麼狀況應該使用 interface ， 還是兩者都一起用呢？ Interface 和 abstract class 表面上好像提供幾乎相同的能力，那如何決定使用哪個呢？
什麼時機使用 Interfaces
An interface allows somebody to start from scratch to implement your interface or implement your interface in some other code whose original or primary purpose was quite different from your interface. To them, your interface is only incidental, something that have to add on to the their code to be able to use your package.
什麼時機使用Abstract classes
An abstract class, in contrast, provides more structure. It usually defines some default implementations and provides some tools useful for a full implementation.
The catch is, code using it must use your class as the base. That may be highly inconvenient if the other programmers wanting to use your package have already developed their own class hierarchy independently. In Java, a class can inherit from only one base class.
什麼時機使用兩者一起使用
You can offer the best of both worlds, an interface and an abstract class. Implementors can ignore your abstract class if they choose. The only drawback of doing that is calling methods via their interface name is slightly slower than calling them via their abstract class name.
比較表
Interfaces vs Abstract Classes |
feature | interface | abstract class |
| multiple inheritance | A class may implement several interfaces. | A class may extend only one abstract class. |
| default implementation | An interface cannot provide any code at all, much less default code. | An abstract class can provide complete code, default code, and/or just stubs that have to be overridden. |
| constants | Static final constants only, can use them without qualification in classes that implement the interface. On the other paw, these unqualified names pollute the namespace. You can use them and it is not obvious where they are coming from since the qualification is optional. |
Both instance and static constants are possible. Both static and instance intialiser code are also possible to compute the constants. |
| third party convenience | An interface implementation may be added to any existing third party class. | A third party class must be rewritten to extend only from the abstract class. |
| is-a vs -able or can-do | Interfaces are often used to describe the peripheral abilities of a class, not its central identity, e.g. an Automobile class might implement the Recyclable interface, which could apply to many otherwise totally unrelated objects. | An abstract class defines the core identity of its descendants. If you defined a Dog abstract class then Dalmatian descendants are Dogs, they are not merely dogable. Implemented interfaces enumerate the general things a class can do, not the things a class is. In a Java context, users should typically implement the Runnable interface rather than extending Thread, because they’re not really interested in providing some new Thread functionality, they normally just want some code to have the capability of running independently. They want to create something that can be run in a thread, not a new kind of thread.The similar is-a vs has-a debate comes up when you decide to inherit or delegate. |
| plug-in | You can write a new replacement module for an interface that contains not one stick of code in common with the existing implementations. When you implement the interface, you start from scratch without any default implementation. You have to obtain your tools from other classes; nothing comes with the interface other than a few constants. This gives you freedom to implement a radically different internal design. | You must use the abstract class as-is for the code base, with all its attendant baggage, good or bad. The abstract class author has imposed structure on you. Depending on the cleverness of the author of the abstract class, this may be good or bad. |
| homogeneity | If all the various implementations share is the method signatures, then an interface works best. | If the various implementations are all of a kind and share a common status and behaviour, usually an abstract class works best. Another issue that’s important is what I call "heterogeneous vs. homogeneous." If implementors/subclasses are homogeneous, tend towards an abstract base class. If they are heterogeneous, use an interface. (Now all I have to do is come up with a good definition of hetero/homo-geneous in this context.) If the various objects are all of-a-kind, and share a common state and behavior, then tend towards a common base class. If all they share is a set of method signatures, then tend towards an interface. |
| maintenance | If your client code talks only in terms of an interface, you can easily change the concrete implementation behind it, using a factory method. | Just like an interface, if your client code talks only in terms of an abstract class, you can easily change the concrete implementation behind it, using a factory method. |
| speed | Slow, requires extra indirection to find the corresponding method in the actual class. Modern JVMs are discovering ways to reduce this speed penalty. | Fast |
| terseness | The constant declarations in an interface are all presumed public static final, so you may leave that part out. You can’t call any methods to compute the initial values of your constants. You need not declare individual methods of an interface abstract. They are all presumed so. |
You can put shared code into an abstract class, where you cannot into an interface. If interfaces want to share code, you will have to write other bubblegum to arrange that. You may use methods to compute the initial values of your constants and variables, both instance and static. You must declare all the individual methods of an abstract class abstract. |
| adding functionality | If you add a new method to an interface, you must track down all implementations of that interface in the universe and provide them with a concrete implementation of that method. | If you add a new method to an abstract class, you have the option of providing a default implementation of it. Then all existing code will continue to work without change. |
Reference:
interface vs abstract class : Java Glossary
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